Garden Bird Feeding: Impacts, Challenges and Trade-offs

Garden bird feeding is a key and beloved form of human-wildlife interaction. Although generally positive for the people doing it and perceived to be helpful for bird conservation as part of wildlife gardening, this may not always be the case in reality. Here we will explore research on the impacts, challenges and trade-offs in garden bird feeding as currently carried out in the UK.

Q&A with Dr Hugh Hanmer

Dr Hugh Hanmer is a Senior Research Ecologist for the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) Terrestrial Ecology team. His research primarily focuses on urban ecology and avian demography using long and short-term citizen science surveys alongside novel field surveys. He has a particular interest in the impacts of and human-wildlife interactions around garden bird supplementary feeding, first started during his PhD at the University of Reading and continued at BTO.

What is the optimal frequency for feeding garden birds?

Every garden is different, so there isn’t an optimal frequency for putting food out. However, if you are going to put out food, what we do recommend is avoiding putting out excess food which will change with the conditions and seasons. For example, finch trichomonosis potentially survives better in damp conditions so if you have lots of food out there in damp feeders, then you could well be having an unintentional negative effect. Putting less food out but topping it up more often could be better. This also makes it easier to clean feeders regularly which we recommend doing as often as practical, with weekly being a good target to aim for, alongside cleaning water baths and disposing of split food.

Does attracting small garden birds also attract predators?

Sparrowhawks are our main native small garden bird predator and may be attracted to bird feeders, although this is difficult to prove in practice. However, in general they are not believed to have a significant impact on small bird populations and if anything, small bird populations numbers are expected to drive Sparrowhawk numbers which have declined in recent years.  Domestic cats are another predator that can catch garden birds and those population is not affected by natural prey availability, so it is important to consider the placement of feeding stations out of reach of cats and close to cover to help birds evade predators in general.

Alongside direct predation risk, there is also some evidence that by feeding birds during the breeding season, we attract more potential nest predators into the area and increase the risk of nests being predated.

Will providing food in winter cause garden birds to struggle in spring during breeding when there could be insufficient natural food available?

Again this is hard to test directly but as far as we can tell no, or at least not at a scale that matters, and it’s important to remember that supplementary feed is only generally a relatively small amount of most birds diet under normal conditions. However, competition for suitable breeding territories and sites may be of more concern. For example, the potential impact of more dominant Blue Tits and Great Tits surviving the winter, on more subordinate Marsh Tits and Willow Tits which use feeders less, may have contributed to their population declines.

Should we restrict feeding garden birds to period where food is particularly scarce, such as during freezing weather?

Potentially and this is what was done in the past. That’s probably where you can have the biggest impact, and it may well be better. For example, it may reduce potential disease transmission because it’s not suitable for some pathogens in those conditions either.

Literature References

Further info and links

Go to the Wildlife Gardening Virtual Symposium page

Learn more about British wildlife

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The Impact of Wildlife-friendly Gardening on Butterflies

Much advice and information is available on gardening for butterflies yet very little of it is evidence-based. This talk will present recent research by Butterfly Conservation showing the impacts on butterfly abundance and species richness of two commonly recommended wildlife-gardening practices: leaving the grass to grow long and having flowering ivy.

Q&A with Dr Richard Fox

Dr Richard Fox has led Butterfly Conservation’s work on recording changes to the UK’s butterfly and moth populations for over 25 years. Having published 80 scientific papers and contributed to many television and radio programmes, Richard has in-depth knowledge coupled with a passion for communicating his fascination for these iconic insects.

Did you use data from other sources in your research?

This piece of research was only based on species sightings from Butterfly Conservation’s  Garden Butterfly Survey. Butterfly Conservation, of course, runs many other schemes which provide vital data to support conservation work and ecological research. We’ve previously shown scientifically that the data from our Big Butterfly Count (aimed at anyone and everyone) shows very similar trends to the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (undertaken by more experienced butterfly recorders). Butterfly sightings are also gathered by other organisations and scheme and we try to make sure that these data are all linked up.  BTO, for example, gather butterfly data as part of Garden Birdwatch and have used these data to carry out research on how butterflies are faring in gardens.

What can we do to encourage more butterflies and other pollinators into our gardens?

There’s lot of advice out there for encouraging more butterflies and moths into your garden but for both groups, the important thing is to make sure you are creating breeding habitat by providing food for caterpillars. The decline of butterflies and moths in the UK is driven by the loss of breeding habitat so anything you can do to get moths and butterflies breeding in your garden is beneficial. The simplest things to do are not to be too tidy in your garden – neatness is the enemy of nature. As highlighted in my talk, letting some grass grow long and allowing  ivy to flower are both proven to benefit butterflies. Planting native shrubs will provide homes for many moths, such as micro-moths whose caterpillars mine the leaves of Hawthorn, Hazel, willows and Field Maple, and Brimstone butterflies will lay their eggs on buckthorns.  Not using pesticides is another obvious step that will help garden wildlife from butterflies to hedgehogs.

Is a more diverse selection of plants better than having a lot of one type of plant?

Many butterfly and moth species are very particular at the caterpillar stage. So while the adult insects will drink nectar from lots of different flowers, their caterpillars will only feed on specific parts of specific plants.  So, diversity is going to be the best thing, especially with native plants. This means encouraging herbaceous plants by letting “weeds” grow in your long grass and planting native shrubs and trees, which you can always keep relatively small by pruning, if you are short of space.

What is the ideal mowing regime for a wildlife-friendly garden lawn?

We don’t have any scientific data on this from our study, but in order to create suitable breeding habitat for butterflies, moths and other wildlife by letting the grass grow long then at least some long grass should be present throughout the year. This is because many insects will still be present and some still active during the winter among the long grass. Indeed, some common butterfly caterpillars, such as Meadow Brown, will continue to feed on long grass through the winter. So, cutting all of the long grass in your garden at once is likely to be harmful for wildlife whatever time of year you do it. On the other hand, of course, long grass does need to be cut from time to time, otherwise it will transition into scrub (e.g. brambles) and ultimately woodland. I’d recommend cutting half of your long grass each autumn and leaving the other half, so that each part gets cut once every two years. You may need to tweak this depending on your local conditions, but always make sure there is some long grass left as a refuge at all times. Also, always remove the cuttings (to reduce soil fertility) although, if possible, leave them for a day or two so that any seeds can fall and any invertebrates can escape.

Literature References

Further info and links

Go to the Wildlife Gardening Virtual Symposium page

Learn more about British wildlife

Check out our events on Eventbrite

How To Optimise Our Gardens As Habitats For Hedgehogs

Dr Hedgehog will present her research on the different challenges hedgehogs face when sharing habitats with humans and residing in our gardens. She’ll discuss what we can do to make our gardens more hedgehog-friendly, and thereby improve the conservation initiatives directed at this beloved and declining species.

Q&A with Dr Sophie Lund Rasmussen

Dr Sophie Lund Rasmussen (aka Dr Hedgehog) is an expert on European hedgehogs and is a research fellow at Linacre College and the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) at the University of Oxford. She has worked dedicatedly with hedgehog research and conservation since 2011.

What is causing the rural decline of hedgehogs?

Yeah, well, definitely the intensified agricultural practices we’ve seen develop through decades is, of course, affecting hedgehogs. I would really like to look into the diets of hedgehogs even more. I have 800 poo samples in my freezer ready for analysis, but I just need the funding to analyse them.

Does the danger with roads mean that we shouldn’t encourage hedgehogs into urban parks?

We at least need to educate the different town councils to provide green corridors for dispersal for the hedgehogs to make it safer. And people can also encourage their town city councils to buy hedgehog crossing road signs, so any hotspots for traffic injuries could be highlighted.

Are the levels of pesticides that you’ve measured in hedgehogs lethal?

The issue is that we don’t know what the lethal dose for hedgehogs would be, because the hedgehogs are not tested as they’re a protected species. We therefore have to use other species, such as rats, to guess based on the levels on pesticide detected. And in some cases, the doses of rodenticides would have been lethal. We are now looking at the organs of these hedgehogs (such as the liver and kidney) to see whether we can see any changes caused by these pesticides accumulating. But it’s an ongoing process and it requires more funding.

Can you recommend any robotic lawnmower brands that have already been approved as being hedgehog safe?

There are definitely models that are more hedgehog-friendly than others and I would encourage you to look at my publications. You can find them on the website: www.drhedgehog.org.

Literature References

Further info and links

Go to the Wildlife Gardening Virtual Symposium page

Learn more about British wildlife

Check out our events on Eventbrite

Wildlife Gardening Virtual Symposium

The UK, like most other countries worldwide, has seen significant loss of its plants, animals and fungi. The State of Nature reports that the UK is now one of the most nature-depleted countries on Earth, with species declining by an average of 19% over the past 50 years. This makes nature-friendly gardening more important than ever as our gardens can provide a haven for the wildlife that visit or reside within them.

Wildlife Gardening is now a popular approach, with members of the British public trying to do what they can to give our wildlife a helping hand. This also makes it a business opportunity, with pollinator seed mixes, insect hotels and bird feeders commonly stocked throughout garden centres and online retailers.

But how do we know that our wildlife gardening practices are actually beneficial for nature? The management of habitats that aren’t informed by scientific evidence is at best a matter of hearsay, and at worst, can be misinformed and counter-productive. The Wildlife Gardening Virtual Symposium provided a platform for scientists researching wildlife gardening to share their work and help us all take an evidence-based approach to how we manage our gardens for wildlife.

Speaker Programme

This event featured four presentations from conservation specialists:

  1. How To Optimise Our Gardens As Habitats For Hedgehogs with Dr Sophie Lund Rasmussen (University of Oxford)
  2. The Impact of Wildlife-friendly Gardening on Butterflies with Dr Richard Fox (Butterfly Conservation)
  3. Garden Bird Feeding: Impacts, Challenges and Trade-offs with Dr Hugh Hanmer (British Trust for Ornithology)
  4. Gardening for Bats and People with Jo Ferguson (Bat Conservation Trust)

How To Optimise Our Gardens As Habitats For Hedgehogs

Dr Sophie Lund Rasmussen (University of Oxford)

Dr Hedgehog will present her research on the different challenges hedgehogs face when sharing habitats with humans and residing in our gardens. She’ll discuss what we can do to make our gardens more hedgehog-friendly, and thereby improve the conservation initiatives directed at this beloved and declining species.

Check out the full blog here

The Impact of Wildlife-friendly Gardening on Butterflies

Dr Richard Fox (Butterfly Conservation)

Much advice and information is available on gardening for butterflies yet very little of it is evidence-based. This talk will present recent research by Butterfly Conservation showing the impacts on butterfly abundance and species richness of two commonly recommended wildlife-gardening practices: leaving grass to grow long and having flowering ivy.

Check out the full blog here

Garden Bird Feeding: Impacts, Challenges and Trade-offs

Dr Hugh Hanmer (British Trust for Ornithology)

Garden bird feeding is a key and beloved form of human-wildlife interaction. Although generally positive for the people doing it and perceived to be helpful for bird conservation as part of wildlife gardening, this may not always be the case in reality. Here we will explore research on the impacts, challenges and trade-offs in garden bird feeding as currently carried out in the UK.

Check out the full blog here

Gardening for Bats and People

Jo Ferguson (Bat Conservation Trust)

Hear how to create the ideal nocturnal space for bats and people! Learn what elements you can use to make gardens perfect for our bats, while also providing calm, beautiful spaces for people to enjoy connecting with nature.

Check out the full blog here

Wildlife Gardening Updates

Steve Head from the Wildlife Gardening Forum provides a brief overview of news relating to wildlife gardening for the previous year or so.

Natural History Museum

The Natural History Museum’s garden reopened in July with a focus on urban wildlife, although the geological half has got much more media coverage. Their new Urban Nature Project looks very interesting, with new techniques of eDNA and sound analysis being rolled out.  With the Angela Marmont Centre’s community focus it looks to become a significant urban ecology player. Their Nature Recording Hub encourages people to collect and submit their own garden data.

UK butterfly emergency declared

Butterfly Conservation recorded 2024 as the worst ever Big Butterfly Count results. 80% of species are down, including garden favourites like the holly blue.  At least partly due to weather, but the kind of headlines we don’t want.

Importance of common species and gardens

Ken Thompson’s typically excellent book  “Common or Garden: Encounters with Britain’s 50 Most Successful Wild Plants” extols the much greater importance of common species than the rare ones that stamp-collecting-minded naturalists get so worked up about.  e.g. for ragwort: If it were rare, ragwort would undoubtedly be the object of dedicated conservation, but it’s too common for its own good. This is backed by a paper in March in Biodiversity and Conservation from London lawyer Rob Amos – common species are more ecologically important than rare ones but are failed by rarity-biased international conservation regulation.

A  “staggering “ diversity of >1100 spp was recorded in one small Australian garden in one year although it had 97% non-native plants.  This provides strong backup to the Jennifer Owen results that effectively started the Wildlife Gardening Forum!

Importance of moths

Two papers this year have opened our minds on how significant pollination is by moths, especially the abundant noctuids. In the case of bramble, moths visited more than bees, and nighttime pollen deposition was greater than daytime.  Ecologists really do need to turn off the telly and get out more at night! A cartoon published in New depicted two birds in a tree looking down at a hairy ecologist with the caption “Ah – the first ecologist of Spring”.

Continuing with the moth theme, an amazingly simple experiment that at last showed why moths fly to light.  They use low sky light above them to help orientate in flight, and so keep their backs to a point light source and spiral into it. People have been arguing about moths and light for years!

People believe what they would like to believe

Wood Wide Web – connectivity and communication between trees due to fungal hyphal connections. Because its a fun and freaky story, this has been hugely promoted in media but hard-nosed examination of the evidence published this year shows the evidence base is very weak. People like to believe what they find appealing.

Likewise, the evidence for the mass media story of “insectageddon” stubbornly refuses to be quite as bad as some would have us believe. There was a paper this year on 50 years of change in macro-moths in Flanders. About 1/4 of species have declined, 1/4 have increased, and the rest are either stable or no clear trend. But a clear signal of climate change: Holarctic species have declined Mediterranean species have increased.

COP meetings generally failed to make needed progress

COP29 UN Climate Change conference was held in a major oil exporting country. Agreement on financial help to developing countries was reached, but seen as wholly inadequate, and did nothing towards consensus on reducing emissions.

COP16 Biodiversity was rather better with many countries submitting biodiversity targets, ensuring the contribution of indigenous people, and some financial pledges. There was also finally recognition of the importance of fungi.

Climate change evidence mounts

Mentioned changes in species balance in Flanders with southern species replacing northern ones.  We MUST reconsider “native” bias in UK conservation because some of them will be lost and need appropriate replacements.

In the UK, leaf break in spring is now about 16 days earlier than in the 2001 benchmark year. Big impacts on phenology of flowering plants in south of Iberian peninsula – more flowering now in early winter. Buglife reported Bumblebees nesting in winter– high risk.

Looking ahead

Government plans 1.5m new homes by 2029, with mandatory local targets, release of green belt land and changes to National Planning Policy Framework. Introduction of “grey belt” land as “that part of green belt that doesn’t strongly contribute to green belt purposes”.

Expect more development on brownfield sites – which include very biodiverse areas AND established mature gardens.

More support for low carbon energy e.g. windfarms onshore. Protection for peat bogs and fens

Changes will support climate change mitigation  – but no suggestion of incorporation of better biodiversity standards in development, only minimising impacts.

Creating resilience in our gardens has to be an ongoing theme.  RHS featured flood prevention with gardens as sponges last year and this, but we also need to consider the unpredictable climate impacts of extreme drought, flooding, winds and even frost.

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How Many Moths and Butterflies? The Importance of Taxonomy

Lists of species make very boring reading, but taxonomy forms the infrastructure on which biological sciences depend. We need names for creatures in order to talk about them and distinguish between them. Immigration and extinction are important concepts, especially when we are faced with climate change and habitat destruction.

Q&A with Dr David Agassiz

Dr David Agassiz is a lifelong student of moths and butterflies, made more focused when switching careers at around 50 to learn about their ecology. He is now a Scientific Associate at the Natural History Museum and one of the authors of A checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles (2nd Edition).

Is there an international convention on the taxonomy and naming of species?

Yes. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature – a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems. There is a separate International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

How extensively have UK moths and butterflies been sequenced?

Charles Godfray at the University of Oxford and his colleagues at the Natural History Museum have been working on this and have got a barcode for most, but not all, the British species. The Darwin Tree of Life project aims to sequence the genomes of 70,000 species of eukaryotic organisms in Britain and Ireland, and has sequenced many butterflies and moths.

What do you see the main changes being to future editions of the checklist?

A lot of species have been analysed and most of the species splits that are going to crop up probably already have. So I don’t think there will be many more splits for European Lepidoptera due to them being relatively well studied. How many extinctions there will be is another question! There are such low numbers now you wonder when there might be a sudden collapse and that is an anxiety.

It is possible, that we will see more butterflies from Africa, but Africa is divided by the Sahara. Sub-Saharan butterflies have to be very mobile in order to fly over to get into the Palearctic region. Lepidoptera from the Middle East and Eastern Europe are more likely to spread this way with the changing climate.

Does light pollution from the many moth traps across the UK impact on local moth populations?

Light pollution is very bad news for the moth populations. However, the light pollution from moth traps is minimal compared to the lighting from other sources, such as cities, houses, roads, streets, etc.  

Literature References

  1. Agassiz, Beaven & Heckford (2024) A checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles (2nd Edition): https://www.benhs.org.uk/publications/brit-lep-checklist/
  2. Randle et al (2019) Atlas of Britain & Ireland’s Larger Moths: https://www.naturebureau.co.uk/atlas-of-britain-irelands-larger-moths

Further Info

entoLIVE

entoLIVE webinars feature guest invertebrate researchers delving into their own invertebrate research. All events are free to attend and are suitable for adults of all abilities – a passion for invertebrates is all that’s required!

entoLIVE is delivered by the Biological Recording Company in partnership with the British Entomological & Natural History Society, Royal Entomological Society and Amateur Entomologists’ Society, with support from Buglife, Field Studies Council and National Biodiversity Network Trust.

Check out more invertebrate research, publications and events from the entoLIVE partner websites:

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A Rewilded London: Reimagining a Wilder Future for the City

Rewilding means many things to many people. But what could it mean in an urban context? With the majority of the population living in towns and cities, and in the face of climate breakdown, re-evaluating how urban areas can support wildlife is more critical than ever. Rewilding urban spaces not only fosters biodiversity but also helps communities connect with nature, enhances well-being, and builds resilience against climate challenges.

Citizen Zoo will explore innovative approaches to urban rewilding. Learn about their groundbreaking species-focused projects, including beavers, water voles, and white storks, and how these efforts are transforming urban spaces into thriving wildlife habitats. Additionally, the presentation will delve into larger-scale initiatives embracing ecological processes, such as rewilding grazing programs and wetland creation, that are setting new standards for urban conservation.

Q&A with Elliot Newton

Elliot Newton is one of the co-founders of Citizen Zoo. With a background in urban wildlife conservation spanning well over 10 years, he has a breadth of experience in the development, design, and implementation of conservation projects in London. After establishing Citizen Zoo, he has overseen the delivery of the UK’s first rewilding conference in 2019, as well as the successful reintroduction of water voles to the Hogsmill and large marsh grasshoppers to various restored sites across Norfolk. His passion for beavers led to the creation of the London Beaver Working Group, which was a vessel for locating suitable reintroduction sites for the species across London. Elliot has been at the forefront of the Ealing Beaver Project, helping drive it forward from a dream to reality.

Are there any events coming up where I can learn more about rewilding?

The Biological Recording Company will be showcasing some rewilding projects in London in the Rewild London Virtual Symposium taking place on the 27th March 2024. This includes presentations about chalk grassland restoration, “renaturing” Hackney marshes and the River Crane Smarter Catchment initiative. Citizen Zoo is hosting a world-leading Rewilding Futures conference in Cambridge on 17-18th January 2025 in Cambridge. Over two days, the conference will bring together over 450 industry professionals, academics, landowners, NGOs, government bodies, and businesses to tackle pivotal issues in the field with unmissable presentations, expert panels, audience Q&As, networking opportunities and more. We only have around 25 tickets left so book now to avoid disappointment.

Where can I find out more about rewilding projects in London?

There are so many fantastic initiatives happening at the moment! I encourage you to visit the Citizen Zoo website to explore our current and upcoming projects. You might also consider attending the upcoming London Rewilding Symposium to learn more about urban rewilding efforts.

For further inspiration, do follow organisations such as the London Wildlife Trust, National Park City, Thames21, South East Rivers Trust, and The Conservation Volunteers. These groups are doing brilliant work to support conservation and rewilding across the region.

How are rewilding projects funded in London?

Projects are funded through a variety of sources, but one of the most impactful recent funding streams has been the GLA’s Rewild London Fund. This initiative has supported multiple rewilding projects across the capital, helping to drive forward vital conservation efforts.

What wildlife do you see in London in 20 years that is not here now?

I would love to see London fully embrace nature-based solutions to tackle climate change, with habitats seamlessly integrated into the city’s fabric. In 20 years, I envision free-living beaver populations thriving and being sustainably managed across London. The sight of white storks nesting within Greater London would also be truly incredible!

Further Info

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Tiny Midges, Devastating Diseases

Some biting midges are able to transmit viruses that cause diseases in animals, particularly livestock. This talk will describe the ecology of these midges and how we can identify them. We will focus on the UK and northern Europe and explain how these areas are affected by the diseases carried by biting midges, and how these threats have increased in the last couple of decades.

Q&A with Dr Marion England

Dr Marion England is research fellow in Vector Ecology at The Pirbright Institute. Her research focuses on understanding the ecology of disease vectors, particularly biting midges, and how global change will impact arboviral threats. She leads the UK Culicoides Reference Laboratory which conducts surveillance of midges across the UK.

Does BTV infect any wild mammals found in the UK??

We assume deer in the UK are susceptible. We assume that they will become infected with BTV but we are not sure if they will be clinically affected. It may be that they will be totally fine and get over the virus in a short space of time, and we won’t see any disease. I’m more worried about epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and what that could do to our deer. Potentially, however, our deer may be part of the BTV transmission cycle in the UK, so when deer populations are moving between farmed areas and woodlands, they could be helping to transmit the virus. The virus only affects ruminants so it’s very unlikely anything else would be affected.

What is the approximate cost of vaccine per animal?

In terms of the costs, it’s a few pounds per shot. It is a cost that farmers may struggle to meet depending on their herd/flock size.

The double doses are administered about four weeks apart. The vaccines are approved for use under emergency licence. The vaccines have not been in use for long enough to see how long immunity lasts, whether it’s six months, a year or longer. Its likely an annual booster will be required but we don’t have that information yet.

Do the midges have any predators?

These are native midges and birds and bats do eat them. However, they don’t make any real impact on midge populations because they are so numerous. In terms of biological controls, hitting them at the larval stage within the soil might be more effective. I am starting to look at the soil community that the midge larvae live in. They spend 90% of their life in the soil. Its understanding what other soil invertebrates might be predating them I think would be really interesting.

How many reproduction cycles does a female go through?

Probably two or three. The first time she takes a blood meal, she can acquire the virus and then lays an egg batch. As far as we know, the virus doesn’t transmit to the eggs/larvae. If females only went through this cycle once, we wouldn’t get any disease transmission. Based on this, we think two or three egg cycles but some will not survive that long.

Can transport of midges on aeroplanes explain outbreaks in new areas that can’t be explained by wind translocation?

BTV has popped up in the Netherlands twice in an area very close to Schiphol Airport, a massive international hub. The Netherlands is also a massive international shipping hub. A lot of products come into the Netherlands from across the world and then get dispatched across Europe. So midges can be on aeroplanes, however, there are questions around the cut-flower industry. Cut flowers are grown in places like Kenya, where BTV is endemic. If midges are resting in those cut flowers or on soils in pot plants, they could be transported to Europe in a chilled humid environment. In these cooler environments, their development slows down – they may go into a sort of stasis. When they arrive at their destination, if conditions are suitable they may survive and disperse.

Literature References

  1. Nelson et al (2022) A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/502
  2. Holwerda et al (2024) Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3, the Netherlands, September 2023: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11286052/
  3. Boender et al (2024) Spatial Transmission Characteristics of the Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 Epidemic in The Netherlands, 2023: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/4/625

Further Info

entoLIVE

entoLIVE webinars feature guest invertebrate researchers delving into their own invertebrate research. All events are free to attend and are suitable for adults of all abilities – a passion for invertebrates is all that’s required!

entoLIVE is delivered by the Biological Recording Company in partnership with the British Entomological & Natural History Society, Royal Entomological Society and Amateur Entomologists’ Society, with support from Buglife, Field Studies Council and National Biodiversity Network Trust.

Check out more invertebrate research, publications and events from the entoLIVE partner websites:

More on invertebrates

Check out upcoming events on Eventbrite